{"id":14055,"date":"2026-05-16T19:10:03","date_gmt":"2026-05-16T13:40:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/?p=14055"},"modified":"2026-05-16T19:14:28","modified_gmt":"2026-05-16T13:44:28","slug":"section-138-negotiable-instrument-act-1881","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/section-138-negotiable-instrument-act-1881\/","title":{"rendered":"Sec 138 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Sec 138 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138, 1881 \u0915\u0947 negotiable instruments act \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0915 dishonour (\u092c\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938) \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0902\u0921\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u2011\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><br>\u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f (\u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0942\u091f \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0925\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 1988 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 138\u2013142 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0902, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0947\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0930 \u2013 \u0938\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0942\u0932 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u092f\u0939 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u092f \u090b\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0930\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0907\u0938 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0926\u0930 (dishonour) \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f \u0915\u093f \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0927\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u092f \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u0939 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0937\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u093e\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><br>\u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915\u0924\u092e \u0926\u0902\u0921 \u0926\u094b \u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u093e\u0935\u093e\u0938, \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u094b\u0917\u0941\u0928\u0940 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u091c\u0941\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0928\u093e, \u092f\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915 (Ingredients)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 138 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094b\u0937\u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u093e\u0930\u2011\u092c\u093e\u0930 \u0926\u094b\u0939\u0930\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0918\u091f\u0915 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940 \u0928\u0947 complainant \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b, \u091c\u094b \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u092f \u090b\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 (legally enforceable debt or liability) \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u094b\u0964<a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0939 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 (\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0902\u0926\u0930) \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<a href=\"#fn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0928\u0947 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u094b \u201cinsufficient funds\u201d \u092f\u093e \u201cexceeds arrangement\u201d \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u091c\u0939 \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0926\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<a href=\"#fn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0932\u094c\u091f\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0942\u091a\u0928\u093e (cheque return memo) \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 30 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 complainant \u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u2011\u092a\u0924\u094d\u0930 (statutory legal notice) \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 15 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0940 drawer \u0928\u0947 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0964<a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0907\u0928 15 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u091c\u094b cause of action \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 30 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0908 \u0939\u094b\u0964<a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0907\u0928\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u090f\u0915 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u091f\u0942\u091f\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924: \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u093e\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0941\u0936\u094d\u0915\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Limitation \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e\u2011\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u2013 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0947 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u094d\u092f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e\u2011\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 138 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u091b\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0940 \u091a\u0942\u0915 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u0930\u092e \u0915\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0930\u0939 \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902:<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Cheque validity<\/strong> \u2013 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0916 \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924: \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Dishonour \u0914\u0930 memo<\/strong> \u2013 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 cheque return memo \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 dishonour \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u091c\u0939 \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0964<a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Legal notice<\/strong> \u2013 memo \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0916 \u0938\u0947 30 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 demand notice \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u093e \u0905\u0928\u093f\u0935\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>15 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 grace period<\/strong> \u2013 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 drawer \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 15 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Complaint filing<\/strong> \u2013 15 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0905\u0917\u0932\u0947 30 \u0926\u093f\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092e\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0926\u093e\u0916\u093c\u093f\u0932 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0940 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940\u0964<a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0908 \u0939\u093e\u0908\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f valid statutory notice \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 prescribed \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u092a\u0930 cognizance \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924\u093f \u0915\u092c \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092b \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e dishonour \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0915\u0930 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u093e; offence \u0924\u092c \u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u092c:<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091a\u0947\u0915 dishonour \u0939\u094b,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0935\u0948\u0927 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 15 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<a href=\"#fn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0907\u0938\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 territorial jurisdiction \u0914\u0930 limitation \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u094d\u0930\u0943\u0902\u0916\u0932\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u0916\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0930 (Territorial Jurisdiction) \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0941\u0928\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0926\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0937\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 territorial jurisdiction \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0930 law \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><br>\u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0930\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0909\u092d\u0930\u0915\u0930 \u0906\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0909\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0932\u0947\u0917\u093e \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 complainant \u0915\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0915\u0940 home branch \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f \u0914\u0930 dishonour \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>complainant \u0915\u093e \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u0948,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>cheque \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u0939\u0941\u0906,<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dishonour memo \u0915\u093f\u0938 branch \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u0941\u0906,<br>\u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u091a\u0941\u0928\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0964<a href=\"#fn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 (Statutory Presumptions) \u2013 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 118 \u0914\u0930 139<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 complainant \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092c\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0938\u0939\u093e\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 118 \u0914\u0930 139 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 118 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f negotiable instrument \u0909\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u093e\u0930 (consideration) \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 139 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 legally enforceable debt \u092f\u093e liability \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 <em>rebuttable<\/em> \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940 \u0938\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u0902\u0921\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u093e\u092d complainant \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><br>\u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092c\u0947\u0917\u0941\u0928\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u2018beyond reasonable doubt\u2019 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f preponderance of probabilities \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u093e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u092a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u2013 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0908 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 presumption \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092d\u0940 ingredients \u2013 \u091a\u0947\u0915, debt\/liability, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f, dishonour, notice \u0914\u0930 non\u2011payment \u2013 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f; \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964<a href=\"#fn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0928\u0947 territorial jurisdiction, successive dishonours \u092a\u0930 prosecution, \u0914\u0930 compounding (\u0906\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u094c\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924) \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0936\u094d\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0917\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0915\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u0939\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0926\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0938\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u092c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u091c \u0906\u0926\u093f complainant \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093f\u0932 \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0924\u094b criminal \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b compounding \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0906\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0926\u092e\u0947\u092c\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<a href=\"#fn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0915\u0947\u0938\u2011\u0932\u0949 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e\u0908 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0938\u092e\u092f\u2011\u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0940\u092e \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u0935\u0940\u0928\u0924\u092e \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0923\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 law reports \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0930\u0939\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092a\u0921\u0947\u091f (2025 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u0943\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0926\u093f\u0936\u093e\u2011\u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0908 \u0926\u0947\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>\u0921\u093f\u091c\u093f\u091f\u0932 summons<\/strong>: \u0915\u0908 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f \u0908\u2011\u092e\u0947\u0932, \u090f\u0938\u090f\u092e\u090f\u0938, \u0935\u094d\u0939\u093e\u091f\u094d\u0938\u0910\u092a \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0924\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0964<a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 synopsis<\/strong>: \u0915\u0908 \u091c\u0917\u0939\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0930 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 synopsis\/brief timeline \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0915, \u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0914\u0930 transaction \u0915\u0940 chronology \u0939\u094b\u0964<a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>\u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 early settlement<\/strong>: \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0905\u0926\u093e\u0932\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u0930\u0902\u092d\u093f\u0915 \u091a\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u0940 cheque amount \u0915\u094b \u0911\u0928\u0932\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u092f\u093e QR\/UPI \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u091c\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0930 early settlement \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Summary\/\u0938\u092e\u0928 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0932<\/strong>: \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u092a\u091f\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f summary trial \u092f\u093e summons trial \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 adjournments \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u091c\u093c\u094b\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u093f\u0932\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0930\u093e\u091c\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u091a\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u0940\u092f circulars \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u091c\u093c\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Complainant \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>1. Statutory Notice \u0921\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u0939\u0948; \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u0935\u0948\u0927\u0924\u093e \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0940 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u091f\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 30 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u093e \u091c\u093e\u090f, \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0916\u093c\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0901 (cheque date, presentation date, dishonour date, memo date)\u0964<a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u0902\u092c\u0930, \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0916\u093c, \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f, \u0921\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0907\u0902\u0917 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091a \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u0947\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0932\u093f\u0916\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090b\u0923 \u092f\u093e \u0926\u0947\u0928\u0926\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e \u0914\u0930 dishonour \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0906\u0964<a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 15 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0936\u093f \u0915\u093e \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0901\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u091a\u0947\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0928\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0925\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0939\u0924 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e\u090f\u0917\u0940\u0964<a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Speed post\/registered AD, courier, \u0908\u2011\u092e\u0947\u0932 \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f service \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2. Complaint Draft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092c\u093f\u0902\u0926\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 plead \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902:<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0915\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0942\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a\u0938\u0940 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u2011\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0907\u0924\u093f\u0939\u093e\u0938\u0964<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0915 legally enforceable debt\/liability \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u091c\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e (loan, goods supplied, services, security \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0941\u090f)\u0964<a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923, \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924\u093f, dishonour \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0916\u093c \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 (memo \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0930\u0942\u092a)\u0964<a href=\"#fn5\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092d\u0947\u091c\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0916\u093c, mode, \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0940 service \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0935\u0930\u0923\u0964<a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>15 \u0926\u093f\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u0935\u0927\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u092d\u0941\u0917\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916\u0964<a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0939 \u0909\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0916 \u0915\u093f \u0936\u093f\u0915\u093e\u092f\u0924 limitation \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0926\u093e\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u094b territorial jurisdiction \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 \u0939\u0948 (\u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930)\u0964<a href=\"#fn8\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c annex \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902: \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940, \u092e\u0947\u092e\u094b, \u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0949\u092a\u0940, dispatch receipt, tracking report, bank statement (\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b) \u0906\u0926\u093f\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn14\"><sup>[14]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0906\u092e \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 (Defences) \u0914\u0930 complainant \u0915\u0940 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0906\u0930\u094b\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092f\u0903 \u0915\u0941\u091b \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935 \u0909\u0920\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902; \u090f\u0915 \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0932\u0917\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0923\u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0928\u0940 \u091a\u093e\u0939\u093f\u090f\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0915\u0941\u091b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092c\u091a\u093e\u0935:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u091a\u0947\u0915 security purpose \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 enforceable debt \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>complainant \u0928\u0947 consideration \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e, \u092f\u093e transaction \u0939\u0940 \u092b\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0930 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u093e \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u091a\u094b\u0930\u0940\/\u0926\u0941\u0930\u0941\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u092d\u0930 \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e\u0964<a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0928\u094b\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0938\u0947\u0935\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0941\u0908, \u092f\u093e limitation \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 complaint \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Complainant \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u0938\u0947:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>transaction \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c, ledger, bill, agreement, \u092f\u093e loan receipt \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092c\u0948\u0902\u0915 \u0930\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0930\u094d\u0921, SMS\/e\u2011mail, whatsapp chats \u0906\u0926\u093f \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f \u0932\u0947\u0928\u2011\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0935\u093f\u0915 \u0925\u093e\u0964<a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f security cheque \u0939\u0948, \u092b\u093f\u0930 \u092d\u0940 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0915\u093f liability crystallize \u0939\u094b \u0917\u0908 \u0925\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u092c \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f legally enforceable debt \u092e\u094c\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0925\u093e\u0964<a href=\"#fn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Accused \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0941\u091d\u093e\u0935<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0906\u092a defence side \u092a\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b presumption \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u093e\u0935\u091c\u0942\u0926 \u0906\u092a\u0915\u0947 \u092a\u093e\u0938 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u094d\u0924 scope \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947 \u0906\u092a \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0938\u0947 strategy\u2011based defence \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<a><\/a><a href=\"#fn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><a><\/a><a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>cross\u2011examination \u092e\u0947\u0902 complainant \u0938\u0947 transaction \u0915\u0940 details, source of money, income\u2011tax records \u0906\u0926\u093f \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0935\u093e\u0932 \u092a\u0942\u091b\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0947 version \u092e\u0947\u0902 contradictions \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u092f\u0926\u093f cheque blank signed \u0926\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0917\u092f\u093e \u0925\u093e, \u0924\u094b \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 contemporaneous correspondence \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u093e\u092c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u093e\u0938 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u092f\u0939 misuse \u0939\u0948, \u0928 \u0915\u093f debt repayment\u0964<a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn11\"><sup>[11]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>limitation, notice, jurisdiction \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 technical grounds \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0928\u091c\u093c\u0930\u0905\u0902\u0926\u093e\u091c\u093c \u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902; \u0915\u0908 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0907\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0941\u0906 \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn7\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn9\"><sup>[9]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>compounding\/settlement \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0935\u0938\u0930\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 client \u0915\u094b \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0932\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u0947\u0902, \u0916\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u091c\u092c \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c complainant \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u0915\u094d\u0937 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0902; \u0907\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0902\u092c\u0940 criminal litigation \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn10\"><sup>[10]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f\u2011\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093e\u092b\u094d\u091f \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0939\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u091f\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u2013 Young Advocates \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>File perfect, argue simple<\/strong>: 138 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0947\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 drafting \u091c\u093f\u0924\u0928\u0940 \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0917\u0940, argument \u0909\u0924\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0964 facts \u0914\u0930 dates \u0938\u093e\u092b\u2011\u0938\u093e\u092b plead \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Chronology \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0936\u093e \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0916\u2011\u0935\u093e\u0930 chronology (loan\/transaction, cheque issue, presentation, memo, notice, complaint) \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0915\u0930 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902; \u091c\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u092a \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f case \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0917\u093e\u0964<a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Documents \u0915\u0940 marking \u092a\u0930 \u0927\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0928<\/strong>: \u0939\u0930 \u0926\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0947\u091c\u093c \u0915\u094b exhibit \u0915\u0930\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u0920\u0940\u0915 \u0938\u0947 prove \u0915\u0930\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u2013 bank witness, postal witness \u092f\u093e tracking report \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u093e\u0923\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Adjournments \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u091a\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u091a\u0942\u0901\u0915\u093f \u0928\u0940\u0924\u093f summary\/summons trial \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0936\u0940\u0918\u094d\u0930 disposal \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0905\u0928\u093e\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u0917\u0928 \u092e\u093e\u0902\u0917\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u094b\u0930\u094d\u091f \u0915\u0940 \u0928\u093e\u0930\u093e\u091c\u093c\u0917\u0940 \u0914\u0930 client \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0938 \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0916\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn3\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Case\u2011law \u0915\u0947 2\u20133 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 principles \u092f\u093e\u0926 \u0930\u0916\u0947\u0902<\/strong>: \u0939\u0930 argument \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0940\u0927\u0947 judgment \u092a\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0906\u092a \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u093e\u092b \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u092a\u0930 relevant paragraph \u0926\u093f\u0916\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<a href=\"#fn4\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn13\"><sup>[13]<\/sup><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937 \u2013 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138 \u0915\u094b \u2018\u0930\u0942\u091f\u0940\u0928\u2019 \u092e\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093f\u090f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092c\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u0941\u0915\u0926\u092e\u0947 \u091c\u093c\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0926\u093e\u0924\u0930 trial courts \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u2011\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0938\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 parties \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0935\u0938\u093e\u092f, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u091f\u2011\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0925\u0928\u0947\u0938 \u0914\u0930 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092f\u093e\u0932\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u092e\u092f \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0939\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<a href=\"#fn1\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn6\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a><br>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u092f\u0941\u0935\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0935\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0941\u0906\u0924 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u0940 ingredients, limitation, presumption \u0914\u0930 practical court\u2011craft \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0915\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0947\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0935\u0947 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0938\u092b\u0932\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0935\u0915 138 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u092e\u0932\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092d\u093e\u0932 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930 criminal\/commercial practice \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u091c\u092c\u0942\u0924 \u0928\u0940\u0902\u0935 \u092d\u0940 \u0924\u0948\u092f\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<a href=\"#fn12\"><sup>[12]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#fn2\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a id=\"fn1\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/bhattandjoshiassociates.com\/section-138-of-negotiable-instruments-act\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/bhattandjoshiassociates.com\/section-138-of-negotiable-instruments-act\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn2\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.ipleaders.in\/section-138-of-negotiable-instruments-act-1881\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/blog.ipleaders.in\/section-138-of-negotiable-instruments-act-1881\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn3\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/ca-lokesh-totlani-finwise_chequebounce-section138-legalupdates-activity-7401470842813091841-ImFq\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.linkedin.com\/posts\/ca-lokesh-totlani-finwise_chequebounce-section138-legalupdates-activity-7401470842813091841-ImFq<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn4\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/api.sci.gov.in\/supremecourt\/2022\/2731\/2731_2022_12_1501_60153_Judgement_17-Mar-2025.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/api.sci.gov.in\/supremecourt\/2022\/2731\/2731_2022_12_1501_60153_Judgement_17-Mar-2025.pdf<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn5\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ssrana.in\/ufaqs\/ingredients-of-section-138-of-negotiable-instruments-act-in-india\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/ssrana.in\/ufaqs\/ingredients-of-section-138-of-negotiable-instruments-act-in-india\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn6\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/tarungaur.in\/mediacenter\/cheque-bounce-case-india-section-138-guide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/tarungaur.in\/mediacenter\/cheque-bounce-case-india-section-138-guide\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn7\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/delhihighcourt.nic.in\/app\/showFileJudgment\/NBK05012026CRLMM72212025_182121.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/delhihighcourt.nic.in\/app\/showFileJudgment\/NBK05012026CRLMM72212025_182121.pdf<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn8\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/supreme-court-observer-law-reports-scolr\/jai-balaji-industries-v-m-s-heg18149\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/supreme-court-observer-law-reports-scolr\/jai-balaji-industries-v-m-s-heg18149\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn9\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s3ec015a01f0597ac4bdf35c24846734ee\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2024091140.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s3ec015a01f0597ac4bdf35c24846734ee\/uploads\/2024\/03\/2024091140.pdf<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn10\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/478882966\/10-Landmark-Judgments-on-NI-Act\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scribd.com\/document\/478882966\/10-Landmark-Judgments-on-NI-Act<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn11\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/supreme-court-observer-law-reports-scolr\/discriminatory-exemption-from-payment-of-tax-to-locally-manufactured-goods\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scobserver.in\/supreme-court-observer-law-reports-scolr\/discriminatory-exemption-from-payment-of-tax-to-locally-manufactured-goods\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn12\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/10\/12\/explained-supreme-court-verdict-principles-of-presumption-evidential-burden-under-ni-act\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/www.scconline.com\/blog\/post\/2023\/10\/12\/explained-supreme-court-verdict-principles-of-presumption-evidential-burden-under-ni-act\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn13\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/judiciary.karnataka.gov.in\/kjablr\/assets\/articles\/Negotiable%20Instruments%20Act.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/judiciary.karnataka.gov.in\/kjablr\/assets\/articles\/Negotiable Instruments Act.pdf<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a id=\"fn14\"><\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s3ec03333cb763facc6ce398ff83845f22\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2024091181.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/cdnbbsr.s3waas.gov.in\/s3ec03333cb763facc6ce398ff83845f22\/uploads\/2024\/09\/2024091181.pdf<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vlex.com\/vid\/section-138-negotiable-instruments-584547970\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">https:\/\/vlex.com\/vid\/section-138-negotiable-instruments-584547970<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sec 138 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u0926\u0947\u0936\u094d\u092f \u0927\u093e\u0930\u093e 138, 1881 \u0915\u0947 negotiable instruments act \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0915 dishonour (\u092c\u093e\u0909\u0902\u0938) \u0915\u094b \u0926\u0902\u0921\u0928\u0940\u092f \u0905\u092a\u0930\u093e\u0927 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u093e\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0932\u0947\u0928\u2011\u0926\u0947\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u092d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u093e \u092c\u0928\u093e \u0930\u0939\u0947\u0964[2][1]\u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0909\u092a\u093e\u092f (\u0938\u093f\u0935\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u0942\u091f \u0906\u0926\u093f) \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u0932\u092c\u094d\u0927 \u0925\u0947, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094b\u0927\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0905\u0938\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f 1988 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u0936\u094b\u0927\u0928 \u0938\u0947 138\u2013142 \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u091c\u094b\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0917\u0908\u0902, \u0924\u093e\u0915\u093f \u091a\u0947\u0915 \u0915\u0947 [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":14057,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[29],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14055","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-bachelor-laws"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14055","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/35"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14055"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14055\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14058,"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14055\/revisions\/14058"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14057"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14055"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14055"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.infipark.com\/articles\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14055"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}